Urinary pH modifiers 

Urinary pH modifiers are agents that increase the pH of urine. They make the urine more alkaline and prevent the formation of kidney stones. Making the urine more alkaline also helps the kidneys to remove toxic substances.

pH modifier excipients are used in the pharmaceutical industry due to their antioxidant properties. pH modifiers can help maintain the stability of pharmaceutical and can also be used as preservatives. For pH-modification, the addition of a base or an acid is often preferred over the use of buffers.

The American Association for Clinical Chemistry says the normal urine pH range is between 4.5 and 8. Any pH higher than 8 is basic or alkaline, and any under 6 is acidic. A urine pH test is carried out as a part of a urinalysis.

A diet high in fruits, vegetables, or non-cheese dairy products can increase your urine pH. A diet high in fish, meat products, or cheese can decrease your urine pH.

A urine pH test measures the level of acid in urine. Some types of kidney stones are more prone to develop in alkaline urine and others are more likely to from in acidic urine. Monitoring the urine pH may be helpful in preventing the formation of kidney stones.

The common value for urine pH is 5.5–7.5 for most people, but any value within the 4.5–8.0 range is generally not a cause for concern. The pH scale runs from 1 to 14, with 1 being the most acidic and 14 the most alkaline. However, different laboratories may have different ranges for typical pH levels.

Ultrasound contrast media is used to increase the contrast of the sonogram image by enhancing the reflection of the ultrasound waves. This occurs due to the difference in the ability of the contrast media and the soft tissue to reflect the ultrasound wave.

The ultrasound contrast media can be gas-filled microbubbles that are used to image blood flow or perfusion, or can be site-targeted microbubbles that can attach to specific markers.

Microbubbles are currently the only clinically approved ultrasound contrast agent. One of the strengths of these bubbles is that they remain intravascular due to their size, allowing for diagnostic measurements that would be otherwise difficult with diffusible tracers.